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Mosquitofish in Australia
Mosquitofish (''Gambusia affinis'' and ''Gambusia holbrooki'') were introduced to Australia in 1925, spreading from the northeast coasts south to New South Wales, Southern Australia, and parts of Western Australia by 1934.〔Kitching, R.l., ed. ''The Ecology of Exotic Animals''. Milton: John Wiley and Sons, 1986. 7-25.〕 Currently, known populations of wild mosquitofish occur in every state and territory except the Northern Territory, and they are found in swamps, lakes, billabongs, thermal springs, salt lakes, and ornamental ponds. Mosquitofish are considered a noxious pest, especially in New South Wales and Queensland, and it is illegal to release them into the wild or transport them live into any of the states or territories.〔Fairfax, R, R Fensham, R Wager, S Brooks, A Webb, and P Unmack. 'Recovery of the Red-Finned Blue-Eye: an Endangered Fish From Springs of the Great Artesian Basin.' Wildlife Research 34 (2007): 156-166. 14 May 2008 .〕 Mosquitofish were introduced by military and local councils to control mosquito populations, however there has been no evidence that gambusia has had any effect in controlling mosquito populations or mosquito-borne diseases.〔Lake, John S. ''Freshwater Fishes and Rivers of Australia.'' Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd. Sydney: 1971. 26.〕 In fact, studies have shown that gambusia can suffer mortalities if fed only on mosquito larvae, and survivors show poor growth and maturation.〔 Gambusia typically eat zooplankton, beetles, mayflies, caddis flies, mites and other invertebrates; mosquito larvae make up only a small portion of their diet.〔Lund, Mark. 'Mosquitofish: Friend or Foe?' Edith Cowan University. 16 November 2005. Dr. Mark Lund's Wetlands Research Website, ECU. 9 May 2008 .〕
==Mosquito control==
Many ichthyologists believe native species are more effective in population control than mosquitofish.〔Pollard, Jack, ed. G.P. ''Whitley's Handbook of Australian Fishes.'' Sydney: Jack Pollard, Ltd., 1980. 489.〕 These include species such as the western minnow and pygmy perches.〔'Fish are Best for Mosquito and Tadpole Control in Marron Ponds.' Government of Western Australia. September 1998. Department of Fisheries. 9 May 2008 .〕 Unfortunately, gambusia may have exacerbated the mosquito problem in many areas by outcompeting native invertebrate predators of mosquito larvae. Because of their aggressive nature and high birthrate, mosquitofish can overtake most native species in an area, drastically harming local populations. Even if they were needed for mosquito control, studies have also shown that at least 5,000 fish/ha would be needed for effective control. However, mosquitoes' breeding environments are migratory and unreliable, so regular fish predators can have little effect from year to year.〔
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